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 程式師世界 >> 編程語言 >> C語言 >> C++ >> 關於C++ >> More Effective C++之引用計數

More Effective C++之引用計數

編輯:關於C++

Reference counting讓我想起了Java,當如果想用C++來實現Java的能力的話,那Reference counting必不可少。Reference counting可以節省程序的運行成本,大量的構造、析構、分配、釋放和拷貝的代價被省略。

實現

classRCObject
{
  public:
   RCObject():refCount(0),shareable(true){}
   RCObject(constRCObject&):refCount(0),shareable(true){}
   RCObject& operator=(constRCObject& rhs){return *this;}
   virtual ~RCObject()=0;
   void AddReference(){++refCount;}
   void RemoveReference(){if (--refCount == 0) deletethis;}
   void markUnshareable(){shareable = false;}
   bool isShareable() const{returnshareable;}
   bool isShared() const {returnrefCount > 1;}
  private:
   int refCount;
   bool shareable;
};
RCObject::~RCObject(){}
template <classT>
class RCPtr
{
  public:
   RCPtr(T* realPtr = 0):pointee(realPtr){init();}
   RCPtr(constRCPtr& rhs):pointee(rhs.pointee){init();}
   ~RCPtr(){if (pointee) pointee->RemoveReference();}
   RCPtr& operator = (constRCPtr& rhs)
   {
    if (pointee!=rhs.pointee)
    {
     if (pointee)
      pointee->RemoveReference();
      pointee = rhs.pointee;
      init();
    }
    return *this;
   }
   T* operator->() const { returnpointee;}
   T& operator*() const{return *pointee;}
  private:
   T* pointee;
   void init()
   {
    if (pointee == 0)
     return;
    if (pointee->isShareable() == false)
     pointee = newT(*pointee);
    pointee->AddReference();
   }
};
class String
{
  public:
   String(const char* value = ""):value(newStringValue(value)){}
   const char& operator[](intnIndex) const
   {
    return value->data[nIndex];
   }
   char& operator[](intnIndex)
   {
    if (value->isShared())
     value = newStringValue(value->data);
     value->markUnshareable();
     returnvalue->data[nIndex];
   }
  protected:
  private:
   struct StringValue:publicRCObject
   {
    char* data;
    String Value(constchar* initValue)
    {
     init(initValue);
    }
    String Value(constStringValue& rhs)
    {
     init(rhs.data);
    }
    void init(constchar * initValue)
    {
     data = newchar[strlen(initValue) + 1];
     strcpy(data,initValue);
    }
    ~String Value()
    {
     delete [] data;
    }
   };
   RCPtr<StringValue> value;
};

這是Meyers給出的String的實現,然而我的觀點是如果沒有特別的必要的話,對stirng最好不要使用引用計數,因為在多線程程序中同步的代價要大於引用計數本身的好處,得不償失。

如果StringValue是一個現成的類,無法修改它的實現,那怎麼辦?沒關系可以用委托,下面是一個典型的實現:

classRCObject
{
 public:
  RCObject():refCount(0),shareable(true){}
  RCObject(constRCObject&):refCount(0),shareable(true){}
  RCObject& operator=(constRCObject& rhs){return *this;}
  virtual ~RCObject()=0;
  void AddReference(){++refCount;}
  void RemoveReference(){if (--refCount == 0) deletethis;}
  void markUnshareable(){shareable = false;}
  bool isShareable() const{returnshareable;}
  bool isShared() const {returnrefCount > 1;}
 private:
  int refCount;
  bool shareable;
};
RCObject::~RCObject(){}
template<classT>
class RCIPtr
{
 public:
  RCIPtr(T* realPtr = 0):counter(new CountHolder)
  {
   counter->pointee = realPtr;
   init();
  }
  RCIPtr(constRCIPtr& rhs):counter(rhs.counter)
  {
   init();
  }
  ~RCIPtr()
  {
   counter->RemoveReference();
  }
  RCIPtr& operator = (constRCIPtr& rhs)
  {
   if (counter != rhs.counter)
   {
    counter->RemoveReference();
    counter = rhs.counter;
    init();
   }
   return *this;
  }
  constT* operator->()const
  {
   returncounter->pointee;
  }
  T* operator->()
  {
   makeCopy();
   returncounter->pointee;
  }
  constT& operator*() const
  {
   return *(counter->pointee);
  }
  T& operator*()
  {
   makeCopy();
   return *(counter->pointee);
  }
 private:
  struct CountHolder:publicRCObject
  {
   ~Count Holder(){deletepointee;}
   T* pointee;
  };
  Count Holder* counter;
  void init()
  { 
   if (counter->isShareable() == false)
   {
    T* oldValue = counter->pointee;
    counter = newCountHolder;
    counter->pointee = newT(*oldValue);
   }
   counter->AddReference();
  }
  void makeCopy()
  {
   if (counter->isShared())
   {
    T* oldValue = counter->pointee;
    counter->RemoveReference();
    counter = newCountHolder;
    counter->pointee = newT(*oldValue);
    counter->AddReference();
   }
  }
 };
 class Widget
 {
  public:
   Widget(intSize){}
   Widget(constWidget& rhs){}
   ~Widget(){}
   Widget operator=(const Widget& rhs){}
   void doThis(){printf("doThis()\n");return;}
   int showThat() const{printf("showThat()\n"); return 0;}
  protected:
  private:
   inti;
 };
 class RCWidget
 {
  public:
   RCWidget(intsize):value(newWidget(size)){}
   void doThis(){value->doThis();}
   int showThat()const {returnvalue->showThat();}
  protected:
  private:
   RCIPtr<Widget> value;
};

評估

實現引用計數是需要有前提的,不是所有的情況下,使用引用計數都是合適的。適合情況如下:

相對多的對象共享相對少量的實值。

對象的實值產生或者銷毀的成本很高,或者占用很多內存。

但是要記住,即使是Java也會有內存洩漏,不要指望小小的引用計數(上面簡單的實現)不會產生同樣的問題。

引用計數是一項很深奧的技術,想想Java,所以需要很謹慎的對待,但願它能帶來程序設計上的優化。

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