今天實驗了一下，如何在所有文件，包括數據文件，在線日志文件，控制文件都丟失的情況下，利用RMAN備份恢復和還原數據庫。該實驗的重點是用到了Dummy實例。
具體步驟如下：
備份數據庫
[oracle@node2 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon May 25 23:25:51 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: TEST (DBID=2176055307) RMAN> backup database; Starting backup at 25-MAY-15 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=20 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users02.dbf input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs02.dbf input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 25-MAY-15 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 25-MAY-15 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hs0oo_.bkp tag=TAG20150525T232624 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:01 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 25-MAY-15 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 25-MAY-15 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp tag=TAG20150525T232624 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:08 Finished backup at 25-MAY-15 RMAN> quit
模擬數據丟失
[oracle@node2 ~]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test [oracle@node2 test]$ ls control01.ctl redo01.log redo03.log sysaux01.dbf temp01.dbf undotbs02.dbf users02.dbf control01.dbf redo02.log redo04.log system01.dbf undotbs01.dbf users01.dbf [oracle@node2 test]$ rm ./*
試著登錄數據庫查詢數據，會報以下錯誤：
[oracle@node2 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon May 25 23:35:49 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected. SQL> select * from scott.dept; select * from scott.dept * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01012: not logged on Process ID: 0 Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0
看看ORACLE相關進程，會發現實例並沒有奔潰，進程還在
[oracle@node2 ~]$ ps -ef |grep ora root 1362 1320 0 19:25 ? 00:00:08 hald-addon-storage: polling /dev/sr0 (every 2 sec) root 2809 1384 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv] oracle 2811 2809 0 22:22 ? 00:00:01 sshd: oracle@pts/7 oracle 2812 2811 0 22:22 pts/7 00:00:00 -bash root 3006 1384 0 22:31 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv] oracle 3008 3006 0 22:31 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle@pts/1 oracle 3009 3008 0 22:31 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash root 3120 1384 0 22:34 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv] oracle 3122 3120 0 22:34 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle@pts/8 oracle 3123 3122 0 22:34 pts/8 00:00:00 -bash root 3482 1384 0 22:57 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv] oracle 3484 3482 0 22:57 ? 00:00:01 sshd: oracle@pts/3 oracle 3485 3484 0 22:57 pts/3 00:00:00 -bash root 3566 1384 0 23:01 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle [priv] oracle 3568 3566 0 23:01 ? 00:00:00 sshd: oracle@pts/9 oracle 3569 3568 0 23:01 pts/9 00:00:00 -bash oracle 4035 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_pmon_test oracle 4037 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_test oracle 4039 1 4 23:23 ? 00:00:32 ora_vktm_test oracle 4043 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_gen0_test oracle 4045 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_diag_test oracle 4047 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbrm_test oracle 4049 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_dia0_test oracle 4051 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_test oracle 4053 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_test oracle 4055 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_lgwr_test oracle 4057 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_ckpt_test oracle 4059 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_test oracle 4061 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_reco_test oracle 4063 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:02 ora_mmon_test oracle 4065 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmnl_test oracle 4067 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_test oracle 4069 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_s000_test oracle 4081 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc0_test oracle 4083 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc1_test oracle 4085 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc2_test oracle 4087 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc3_test oracle 4089 1 0 23:23 ? 00:00:00 ora_qmnc_test oracle 4103 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:01 ora_cjq0_test oracle 4105 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_q000_test oracle 4107 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_q001_test oracle 4109 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:05 ora_vkrm_test oracle 4129 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_smco_test oracle 4131 1 0 23:24 ? 00:00:00 ora_w000_test oracle 4149 1 0 23:29 ? 00:00:00 ora_w001_test oracle 4151 1 0 23:29 ? 00:00:00 ora_w002_test oracle 4153 1 0 23:30 ? 00:00:00 ora_w003_test oracle 4178 3123 0 23:35 pts/8 00:00:00 sqlplus as sysdba oracle 4186 4178 0 23:36 ? 00:00:00 oracletest (DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq))) oracle 4187 3485 0 23:36 pts/3 00:00:00 ps -ef oracle 4188 3485 0 23:36 pts/3 00:00:00 grep ora
關閉數據庫
SQL> shutdown abort ORACLE instance shut down.
現在開始恢復數據庫，在這裡會借助Oracle的dummy實例，即啞實例。
[oracle@node2 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=dummy [oracle@node2 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon May 25 23:44:28 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database (not started) RMAN> startup nomount startup failed: ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_1/dbs/initdummy.ora' starting Oracle instance without parameter file for retrieval of spfile Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 1071333376 bytes Fixed Size 1369420 bytes Variable Size 281021108 bytes Database Buffers 784334848 bytes Redo Buffers 4608000 bytes RMAN> restore spfile to '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_1/dbs/spfiletest.ora' from '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp'; Starting restore at 25-MAY-15 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=171 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring spfile from AUTOBACKUP /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp channel ORA_DISK_1: SPFILE restore from AUTOBACKUP complete Finished restore at 25-MAY-15 RMAN> shutdown immediate Oracle instance shut down
在這裡，我們將spfile恢復到實例默認的目錄，即$ORACLE_HOME/dbs,采用的是默認值，即spfile實例名.ora。這樣，在將數據庫啟動到nomount狀態下，直接startup nomount即可。
恢復控制文件
[oracle@node2 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=test [oracle@node2 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon May 25 23:54:50 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database (not started) RMAN> startup nomount Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 313860096 bytes Fixed Size 1364340 bytes Variable Size 268439180 bytes Database Buffers 37748736 bytes Redo Buffers 6307840 bytes RMAN> restore controlfile from '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp'; Starting restore at 26-MAY-15 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=136 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/control01.ctl output file name=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/test/control02.ctl Finished restore at 26-MAY-15
注意，要重新設置ORACLE_SID的值，不然啟動的依舊是dummy實例。
將數據庫啟動到mount階段
RMAN> alter database mount; database mounted released channel: ORA_DISK_1
還原和恢復數據庫
RMAN> restore database; Starting restore at 26-MAY-15 Starting implicit crosscheck backup at 26-MAY-15 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=136 device type=DISK Crosschecked 4 objects Finished implicit crosscheck backup at 26-MAY-15 Starting implicit crosscheck copy at 26-MAY-15 using channel ORA_DISK_1 Finished implicit crosscheck copy at 26-MAY-15 searching for all files in the recovery area cataloging files... cataloging done List of Cataloged Files ======================= File Name: /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hx32w_.bkp using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/users02.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs02.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hs0oo_.bkp channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/TEST/backupset/2015_05_25/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150525T232624_bp6hs0oo_.bkp tag=TAG20150525T232624 channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:02:06 Finished restore at 26-MAY-15 RMAN> recover database; Starting recover at 26-MAY-15 using channel ORA_DISK_1 starting media recovery unable to find archived log archived log thread=1 sequence=1 RMAN-00571: =========================================================== RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS =============== RMAN-00571: =========================================================== RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 05/26/2015 00:19:20 RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown archived log for thread 1 with sequence 1 and starting SCN of 956515 RMAN> alter database open resetlogs; database opened
至此，數據庫恢復完畢，從上面的最後一個命令alter database open resetlogs可以看出來，該恢復屬於不完全恢復，畢竟，在線日志文件在“模擬數據丟失”那一步已被刪除，完全恢復已不可能，同時，上述倒數第二步recover database提示所需的歸檔文件不存在，指的也是已被刪除的在線日志文件。在這裡，直接resetlogs即可。
總結：
1> 如果啟用了RMAN的自動備份功能configure autobackup on，在恢復spfile和controlfile那一步可直接執行restore spfile from autobackup和restore controlfile from autobackup，不用上述那麼麻煩，需要指定備份集。當然，在這種情況下，需指定dbid。
2> OCP官方教材裡面其實也提供了在一切都丟失的情況下，如何執行數據庫的還原和恢復的腳本，具體如下：
RMAN> run{startup nomount pfile=dummy.pfile;
2> set dbid=2176055307;
3> restore spfile from autobackup;
4> shutdown abort;
5> startup nomount;
6> restore controlfile from autobackup;
7> alter database mount;
8> restore database;
9> recover database;
10> alter database open resetlog;}
關於這個腳本，說明如下：
第1行，使用只有一個參數（DB_NAME）的啞參數文件啟動實例
第2行，告訴RMAN所使用的數據庫的DBID
第3行，根據默認目錄和默認值，從最近的自動備份集中提取spfile
第4行，關閉啞實例
第5行，利用還原的spfile啟動實例
第6行，從最近的備份集中提取控制文件
第7行，加載控制文件
第8行，還原所有數據文件
第9行，通過應用增量備份以及歸檔日志文件和聯機日志文件執行完整恢復。
第10行，打開數據庫並重新初始化在線重做日志文件，在還原控制文件後總是需要resetlogs。
