From the system structure , Computer is composed of hardware and software ：
1. hardware system ： visible 、 Touchable physical computer accessories ( analogy ： Human body and organs )
2. software system ： Programs stored in computer storage devices ( analogy ： The human mind 、 soul )
The working principle of computer is Hungarian mathematician Feng · Neumann is in 1946 Put forward in . He put forward three basic principles of computer manufacturing , namely use Binary system Logic 、 Program storage execution as well as The computer consists of five parts （ Arithmetic unit 、 controller 、 Memory 、 input device 、 Output devices ）, This theory is called Feng · Neumann Architecture .
from ENIAC（ The first computer in the world ） To the most advanced computer at present , The design of hardware system adopts Feng · Neumann Architecture .
1. Input 、 Output devices
Input 、 The output device is also called I/O equipment ,I namely Input,O namely output.
input device It is used to receive user input and transmit it to the computer , For example, mouse. 、 keyboard 、 Cameras, etc .
Output devices Used to output and display the result data , Like the monitor 、 Printers, etc .
2. Arithmetic unit and controller
Arithmetic unit and controller , Of modern computers CPU It contains arithmetic unit and controller . The arithmetic unit is used to perform arithmetic calculations and logical operations , The controller is used to control all components to work together .
3. Memory
Memory is used for information storage , Memory includes main memory （ Memory ） And external memory . Memory stores information and data used during operation , Fast reading and writing , But the capacity is small , Information cannot be saved after power failure ; External memory is used to store data that needs to be stored for a long time , Large capacity , But it's slow .
host ： The core of the computer , It contains the motherboard 、CPU、 Hard disk, etc. .
Monitor ： The main output device of the computer , For human machine interaction .
Keyboard and mouse ： input device , Used to input characters and instructions to the computer .
a main board It's a large printed circuit board , There are many slots , Memory 、CPU And so on through the motherboard to form a whole .
CPU（ a central processor ）, It is a large-scale integrated circuit chip , Execute the processing and control of information , It's the human brain .
Memory （ Main memory ）, Parts that store programs and data .
Hard disk （ External memory ）, Components that store long-term data .
GPU（ The graphics card ）, It mainly deals with the work related to graphic calculation in the computer , And better present the data in the display , It shares a part CPU The job of .
After assembling this set of hardware , Turn on the power , What can a computer do ？ The answer is nothing . To make the computer work , You must also install a software system .
software system ：
Software system is mainly divided into system software and application software , These are all kinds of computer programs required for the normal operation of the computer .
Systems software ： operating system 、 The driver 、 Language handler 、 Database management system, etc .
Application software ： browser 、 Text editor 、 Audio player, etc .
Hardware and software are interdependent . Hardware is the material basis of software , The normal operation of software is the only way for hardware to function . The computer system must be equipped with perfect software system to work normally , And give full play to various functions of its hardware .
operating system ：
operating system (Operating System, OS) It refers to controlling and managing the hardware and software resources of the whole computer system , And reasonably organize the work of the scheduling computer and the allocation of resources , A collection of programs that provide convenient interfaces and environments for users and other software .
What we use now windows10,windows11 It's all operating systems , And the mobile phones we use , Google's Android System , Huawei's Hongmeng , Apple laptop MacOSX、 Apple Mobile IOS, They're all operating systems .
What can an operating system do ？ Its main work is “ management ”
ENIAC, the world's first general-purpose computer （ENIAC）「 Born in the University of Pennsylvania , It was used 18000 A tube , Covers an area of 170 Square meters , weighing 30 Tons of . It has no operating system , Thousands of buttons are all manually operated by workers , The operation cost is very huge .
thus , One of the most important functions of the operating system is to manage computer hardware resources 、 Distribution and scheduling .
DOS operating system ：
DOS The operating system is an early operating system , be called Disk Operating System,DOS」（ Disk operating system ）.
That is what we use now cmd From the command line interface ：
DOS This kind of operation mode of inputting commands through keyboard is better than that of manually adjusting buttons 、 It's a lot easier to connect lines .
however , Such a command line interface （CLI） Must not be able to meet the taste of most users , So later I had a good graphical interface （GUI） Operating systems like Windows Gradually become the mainstream . thus it can be seen , The operation mode of an operating system and the beauty of its interface are very important to users .
1968 year 12 month 9 Japan , The first mouse in the world was born in Stanford University .
Windows95：
1. Learn about the operating system , Start with this article - Mo Tianlun
