Catalog ： Reading guide
Preface
Unit test framework
1）JUnit edit
2）TestNG
3）GoogleTest
4）pytest
5）unittest
unit testing Mock Tools
6）JMockit
Unit test coverage tool
7）JCoCo
8）gcov、lcov、gcovr
9）Coverage.py
10）EvoSuite
Conclusion
In the application , A unit is the smallest testable part of software with one or more inputs and a single output . Unit testing is a method of testing software code units , It usually includes one or two inputs , Produce an output . Unit testing focuses on the functional correctness of independent modules , The aim is to ensure that each unit operates as expected .
Unit tests are required , Developers need to write test code . There are two types of unit tests, manual and automated , Automation is often the preferred method , It can save a lot of time and energy for developers .
Unit test is the largest test type in the automated test pyramid model , Unit testing is very important to ensure the quality of software products , Unit tests can ：
Now let's summarize what we have done for Java、C++ and Python Language unit testing , Popular testing tools , They include not only unit test frameworks , It also includes Mock Tools 、 Code coverage tools , as well as Two intelligent unit test case automatic generation tools ：
1、Junit
2、TestNG
3、GoogleTest
4、pytest
5、unittest
6、Jmockit
7、JaCoCo
8、gcov、lcov、gcovr
9、Coverage.py
10、EvoSuite
11、Diffblue Cover
The current mature unit testing frameworks include ：JUnit、TestNG、gtest、pytest、unittest.
JUnit One is for Java Open source unit testing framework designed by programming language , from Kent Beck and Erich Gamma establish , It is one of the unit test framework families , These frameworks are collectively referred to as xUnit,JUnit yes xUnit The most successful one in the family .JUnit It has its own Junit Expand the ecosystem , Most of the Java The development environment of has been integrated JUnit As a tool for unit testing .JUnit The latest version of is JUnit 5, It is no longer a single JAR package , But by the JUnit platform（ platform ）、JUnit Jupiter and JUnit Vintage this 3 Part of it is made up of .
Official website address ：https://junit.org/junit5/
TestNG Is another for Java Open source unit testing framework designed by programming language , It's a recipient JUnit and NUnit Inspired testing framework , But it introduces some new features , Make it stronger 、 Easier to use , for example :
The core feature is multithreaded test execution , Test whether the code is multithread safe ;
Provide annotation support ;
Support data-driven testing ( Use @DataProvider);
Support parametric testing ;
Powerful execution model （ No more TestSuite）;
Support various tools and plug-ins (Eclipse, IDEA, Maven etc. …);
The embedded BeanShell For more flexibility ;
Default for runtime and logging JDK function ( No dependency ).
Official website address ：https://testng.org/
GoogleTest It's a cross platform (Liunx、Mac OS X、Windows 、Cygwin 、Windows CE and Symbian ) C++ Unit test framework , from google company , For writing on different platforms C++ Developed for testing . It provides rich assertions 、 Fatal and non fatal judgments 、 A parameterized 、” Death test ” wait . for example ：
The test case itself is a exe engineering , After compilation, you can directly run , Very convenient .
Writing test cases becomes very simple （ Use simple macros such as TEST）, Let's focus more on test case design .
Macros that provide powerful and rich assertions , Used to check various checkpoints .
It improves the rich command line parameters to set a series of settings for script running .
Open source code address ：https://github.com/google/googletest
pytest Is a very mature full-featured support Python Language unit automation testing framework . Simple and flexible , Easy to use , Support parameterization ; Support simple unit testing and complex functional testing , It can also be used to make selenium/appnium Wait for automated testing , And interface automation testing （pytest Integrate requests）.
Official website address ：http://pytest.org/
unittest yes Python It comes with a unit testing framework , No installation required , Easy to use , Introduction package import unittest You can use .unittest The unit test framework acts as python The standard library of , It is the foundation of other unit testing frameworks .
Official website address ：http://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/unittest.html
In unit testing , The classes to be tested have many dependencies , These dependent classes or resources will have dependencies , As a result, the construction cannot be completed in the unit test code . therefore , We need to adopt Mock Technology isolates dependent objects , That is, simulate the classes or resources that need to be built , Provided to the object to be tested .
JMockit Is a Java Open source language unit testing Mock Tools , Contains tools and API aggregate .Jmockit You can talk to junit and TestNG Write unit tests in conjunction with .
JMockit Support class level integration mock And partial method rewriting , And instance level as a whole mock And part mock, Sure mock Static methods 、 Private variables and local methods .
This tool also has the function of statistical unit test code coverage , Provides three types of code coverage , Such as line coverage 、 Path coverage and data coverage .
Official website address ：http://jmockit.org/
Code coverage tools are also needed in unit tests . Code coverage is a measure of the code covered during unit testing . The code coverage statistics tool is used to find the code that is not covered by the test , Improve the coverage of unit tests . in addition , Such tools can also be used to build code call relationships , Accurately determine the scope of regression test , Avoid the waste of testing resources caused by full regression .
Jacoco Is an open source free Java Code coverage tools , from EclEmma establish , Its use method is very flexible , Can be embedded into Ant、Maven in ; It can be used as Eclipse plug-in unit , You can use it Java Agent Technical monitoring Java Procedures, etc . Many third-party tools provide access to JaCoCo Integration of , Such as sonar、Jenkins etc. .
JaCoCo It contains coverage counters with multiple scales ：
Instruction level overrides (Instructions,C0coverage)
Branch （Branches,C1coverage）
Cyclomatic complexity (CyclomaticComplexity)
Line overlay (Lines)
Methods cover (non-abstract methods)
Class coverage (classes)
Official website address ：https://www.jacoco.org/jacoco/
gcov、lcov、gcovr All support. C/C++ Tools for language code coverage .
gcov By gcc Built in code coverage generation tool , It can be very convenient and GCC The compiler is used in conjunction with , Usually , Direct installation gcc Tool chain , It also includes gcov Command line tools .gcov The result is in text form , And different source files need to be executed one by one gcov command , It is inconvenient for large projects , It's time to lcov.
lcov yes gcov The graphical front end of the tool , Collection of multiple source files gcov data , Generate... That describes coverage HTML page . The generated results will include an overview page , Easy to browse .
Use in general scenarios gcov and lcov It can meet the requirements of code coverage acquisition and display ,lcov and genhtml Match generated HTML The report is detailed , Simple and intuitive , Line coverage 、 Branch coverage has , however HTML File in common continuous integration tools （ such as Jenkins、gitlab-ci） Cannot be integrated in , So we need other tools for continuous integrated presentation of coverage results .gcovr It's about C/C++ Code coverage and support in multiple ways （ Including list mode 、XML File mode 、HTML Web page mode, etc ） The tools shown , and XML The file happens to be parsed by the continuous integration tool .
lcov Download address ：https://github.com/linux-test-project/lcov
gcovr Download address ：https://github.com/gcovr/gcovr
Coverage.py It's a measure Python Tools for language code coverage .Coverage.py You can specify which source files to analyze through the configuration file , By analyzing the source code , Find code that is not covered by the test .
Official website address ：https://coverage.readthedocs.io
Intelligent unit test case automatic generation tool
There is no doubt about the importance of unit testing , But it is not well implemented in many enterprises , A very important reason is that developers are not willing to spend their time writing unit test code . Now , There are two recommended intelligent tools that can automatically generate unit test cases , Help improve unit test coverage , Improve the R & D efficiency of enterprises .
EvoSuite It's from England Sheffield（ Shaffield ） An open source tool jointly developed by other universities , Used to automatically generate test case sets , The generated test cases are consistent with Junit Standards for , But directly in Junit Run in , And got Google and Yourkit Support for . By using this automatic testing tool, the development efficiency of testers can be greatly improved under the premise of ensuring code coverage . But only auxiliary testing , It can't completely replace labor , Whether the test case is correct or not needs manual judgment .
Official website address ：https://www.evosuite.org/
Open source code address ：https://github.com/EvoSuite/evosuite
Diffblue Cover Is an automated unit test writing tool , Through analysis Java The application writes unit tests that reflect the current behavior , Improve test coverage , And help developers find regression defects in future code changes .
Plug in open source community version address ：https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/14946-diffblue-cover--community-edition/versions
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