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 程式師世界 >> 數據庫知識 >> Oracle數據庫 >> Oracle數據庫基礎 >> Oracle數據庫中的OOP概念

Oracle數據庫中的OOP概念

編輯:Oracle數據庫基礎

Oracle 中的OOP概念:對象類型,可變數組,嵌套表,對象表,對象視圖。

對象類型:

優點:

1) 更容易與Java, C++編寫的對象應用程序交互

2) 獲取便捷。一次對象類型請求就可以從多個關系表中獲取信息,通過一次網絡往復即可返回

語法:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TYPE type_name

{{AS| IS } OBJECT | UNDER super_type}

{

attribute_name datatype[,attribute_name datatype]… ---成員變量

[{MAP | ORDER} MEMBER function_name,] ---排序函數

[{FINAL | NOT FINAL} MEMBER function_name,] ---可否繼承的成員函數

[{INSTANTIABLE | NOT INSTANTIABLE } MEMBER function_name,] ---可否實例化的成員函數

[{MEMBER | STATIC } function_name,] ---靜態、非靜態成員函數

}[{FINAL | NOT FINAL}] ---對象可否繼承

[{INSTANTIABLE | NOT INSTANTIABLE }] ---對象可否實例化

/

對象類型的主體部分(即函數的實現部分,可選的):

CREATE [OR REPLACE]

TYPE BODY type_name {AS| IS }

[{MAP | ORDER} MEMBER function_body,] ---排序函數

[{MEMBER | STATIC } function_name,] ---靜態、非靜態成員函數

END;

/

例如:

create or replace

type person as object(

first_name varchar2(100),

last_name varchar2(100))

/

屬性類型可以是任何Oracle 數據類型(包括自定義),除了如下:

LONG和LONG RAW

NCHAR、NCLOB 、NVARCHAR2

ROWID、UROWID

PL/SQL的特定類型:%TYPE %ROWTYPE

查看:

Desc person

構造函數:

set serveroutput on

declare

l_person person

begin

l_person := person(‘Donny’,’Chen’);

dbms_output.putline(l_person.first_name);

end;

/

構造函數要接受對象類型的所有屬性作為參數。因為這些參數沒有默認值,即使是null,也要提供。

舉例:

表中的對象類型:

對象類型可以作為數據庫中的列,所以稱為列對象

create table person_table

(

name person,

age number)

/

set desc depth all

desc person_table

set desc depth 1

插入數據:

insert into person_table

values(person(‘Donny’,’Chen’),30);

declare

l_person person

begin

l_person := person(‘Hua’,’Li’);

insert into person_table values(l_person,33);

end;

/

查詢數據:

select * from person_table

訪問對象類型的各個屬性:

select p.name.first_name

from person_table p

/

為避免名稱解析問題,要求查詢對象類型的屬性的時候,使用表別名。否則報錯,

舉例:對象中的對象(合成):create or replace

type employee as object(

name person,

empno number,

hiredate date)

修改和刪除對象:

9i之前,當建立的對象類型,以及依賴於此類型的對象或表之後,就無法再修改此對象類型了(增加刪除屬性和成員函數)。唯一的辦法是撤銷所有以來,即刪除依賴於此類型的對象或表。9i新特性,可以修改被以來的對象類型,成為類型演化。

有兩種方法:INVALIDATE 和 CASCADE

INVALIDATE比如:desc person_table

改變person類型,增加新屬性ssn

alter type person

add attribute ssn varchar2(11) INVALIDATE;

desc person (bug可能需要新開一個session)

INVALIDATE選項使的所有依賴於person類型的對象和表標記為INVALID,比如:

Desc person_table

需要手工驗證person_table:

alter table person_table upgrade including data;

desc person_table

upgrade including data表示根據新類型,物理上更新現有的數據的結構,ssn 置為null。

也可以upgrade not including data,不更新原有數據的結構。Dml訪問person實例數據的時候再更新。

Select * from person_table

CASCADE比如:

alter type person

add attribute dob date

cascade not including table data

/不用手工驗證依賴此對象類型的表,由數據庫自動驗證。

Desc person

Desc person_table

因為not including table data,沒有更新原有數據:

select * from person_table

刪除類型:force

方法:即對象中的過程和函數,3種類型:

STATIC: 只能夠在對象類型上調用,不專屬於某個實例。

MEMBER: 專屬於某個特定的實例

CONSTRUCTOR: 構造函數

create or replace

type employee as object(

name person,

empno number,

hiredate date,

sal number,

commission number,

member function total_compensation return number,

static function new(p_empno number,

p_person person) return employee)

/

desc employee

在類型主體實現這兩個方法:

create or replace

type body employee as

member function total_compensation return number is

begin

return nvl(self.sal,0) + nvl(self.commission, 0);

end;

static function new(p_empno number,

p_person person) return employee is

begin

return employee(p_person,p_empno,sysdate,10000,null);

end;

end;

/

比較抽象數據類型的數據:

declare

l_employee1 employee;

l_employee2 employee;

begin

l_employee1 :=employee.new(12345,null);

l_employee2 :=employee.new(67890,null);

if l_employee1= l_employee2 then

dbms_output.line_put(“They are equal”);

end if;

end;

/

使用map指定具體比較哪些屬性:

create or replace

type employee as object(

name person,

empno number,

hiredate date,

sal number,

commission number,

map member function convert return number)

/

create or replace

type body employee as

map member function convert return number is

begin

return self.empno;

end;

end;

/

再比較:

declare

l_employee1 employee;

l_employee2 employee;

begin

l_employee1 :=employee.new(12345,null);

l_employee2 :=employee.new(67890,null);

if l_employee1= l_employee2 then

dbms_output.line_put(“They are equal”);

end if;

if l_employee1> l_employee2 then

dbms_output.line_put(“employee1 is greater”);

end if;

if l_employee1< l_employee2 then

dbms_output.line_put(“employee2 is greater”);

end if;

end;

Order 方法:

create or replace

type employee as object(

name person,

empno number,

hiredate date,

sal number,

commission number,

order member function match(p_employee employee) return integer)

/

create or replace

type body employee as

order member function match(p_employee employee) return integer is

begin

if self.empno> p_employee.empno then

return 1;

elseif self.empno< p_employee.empno then

return -1;

else

return 0;

end if;

end;

end;

/

繼承:

FINAL / NOT FINAL

對象默認FINAL,表示不可以被繼承;

MEMBER方法也能指定是否FINAL,表示能否在子類中對他進行覆寫。默認NOT FINAL

Create or replace type super_type as object(

N number,

Final member procedure cannot_override

)

not final

/create or replace type sub_type under super_type(

overriding member procedure cannot_override

)

/

show error

若super_type 改成final

INSTANTIABLE / NOT INSTANTIABLE

可否被實例化,後者類似於抽象類

create or replace type shape as object(

number_of_sides number,

not instantiable member function calculate_area return number

)

not instantiable not final

/

實例化該類型對象:

declare

l_shape shape;

begin

l_shape:=shape(2);

end;

/

可變數組(VARRAYS):

create type employee_type as object(

employee_id number,

first_name varchar2(30),

last_name varchar2(30)

)

/

create type employee_list_type as varray(50) of employee_type

/

create table departments(

department_id number,

department_name varchar2(30),

manager employee_type,

employees employee_list_type)

/

insert into departments values

(10,

‘HR’,

employee_type(1,’Dony’,’Chen’),

employee_list_type(

employee_type(2,’Hua’,’Li’)

employee_type(3,’Wu’,’Wang’)

employee_type(4,’San’,’Zhang’))

)

/

column department_name format a13

column employee_type format a63 Word_wrapped

select * from departments

/

嵌套表(Nested table):

create type order_item_type as object(

line_item_id number(3),

product_id number(6),

unit_price numbe(8,2),

quantity number(4)

)

/

create type order_item_list_type as table of order_item_type

/

create table orders(

order_id number(12) not null,

order_date date,

customer_id number(6),

order_items order_item_list_type)

nested table order_items store as order_items_tab

/

insert into orders values(

(1, sysdate, 10,

order_item_list_type(

order_item_type(1,2,3,4),

order_item_type(2,3,4,5)

))

/

多少個order_item_type ,無限制。

對象表:每行都代表一個對象,行對象。

創建對象:

create or replace

type address as object(

id number,

street varchar2(100),

state varchar2(2),

zipcode varchar2(11)

)

/

創建對象表:

create table address_table of address

/

desc address_table

插入數據:

可以像關系表一樣插入

insert into address_table values(1,’Oracle way’,’CA’,’90001’)

/也可以用默認構造函數插入對象:

insert into address_table

values(address(2,’Oracle way2’,’CA’,’90011’)

select * from address_ table

/VALUE()

以對象表別名作為參數,返回對象實例:

select value(a) from address_table a

/

REF數據類型:

在關系表中關聯對象

create table employee_location(

empno number,

loc_ref ref address scope is address_table)

/

loc_ref是個列,類型是指向address對象類型的ref, 即引用,或者指向address實例的指針。

scope is address_table 是可選的,表示ref指向的對象實例的位置,即只能指向address_table對象表中的address對象實例。

REF():

REF()函數可以建立指向對象表中對象實例的REF對象數據類型,以對象表的別名作為參數

插入數據:

insert into employee_location

select 12345, ref(a)

from address_table a

where id=1

/

insert into employee_location

select 45678, ref(a)

from address_table a

where id=2/

OID:

對象表中每一行對象都對應一個唯一的OID,對象標示符

Select * from employee_location

DEREF()

解析REF數據類型,返回真正指向的實例。以REF數據類型作為參數

select empno, deref(loc_ref)

from employee_location

懸空REF:

REF指向的對象實例被刪掉了,此時稱REF懸空(dangling),說明ref指向不存在的實例

Delete from address_table where id=1;

Select * from employee_location;

Select empno, deref(rec_loc) from employee_location;

懸空的ref會返回null,使用is dangling 確定哪些ref懸空:

select empno from employee_location

where loc_ref is dangling;

清除懸空的ref, 將ref更新為null:

update employee_location

set loc_ref =null

where loc_ref is dangling;

Select * from employee_location;

對象視圖:

在已有的關系型表上,建立對象模型:

關系表:

create table item

( itemcode varchar2(10),

item_on_hand number(10),

item_sode number(10)

);建立對象,使用相同的列:

create or replace type item_type as object

( itemcode varchar2(10),

item_on_hand number(10),

item_sode number(10)

);

建立對象視圖:

create view item_vIEw of item_type

with object oid (itemcode)

as

select * from item

/

of item_type 說明基於對象

with object oid (itemcode) 明確生成OID

通過視圖操作數據:

insert into item_vIEw values(item_type(‘i102’,15,50));

MAKE_REF()

關系主表1:

create table itmefile(

itemcode varchar2(5) primary key,

itemdesc varchar2(20),

p_category varchar2(20),

qty_hand number(5),

re_level number(5),

max_level number(5),

itemrate number(9,2));

關系從表2:

create table order_detail(

orderno varchar2(5),

itemcode varchar2(5) foreign key references itemfile(itemcode)

qty_ord number(5),

qty_deld number(5)

)

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